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PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING GOLD. No. 300,133. Patented June 10, 1884..

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PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING GOLD. No. 300,133; Patented June 10, 1884.

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UNITED STATES Farmer @EEicE.

I JAMES c. ROSSI, on PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.

PROCESS OF AND APF'ARATUS FOR uoouome COLD.

EMPECIPICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 300,133, dated June 10, 1884.

Application filed December 29,1883. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, J AMES 0. Rossr, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the city of Perth Amboy, in the county of-Middlesex and State of New Jersey, have made a new and useful Improvement in Processes of-and Apparatus for Producing Cold; and I do hereby declare that the following, when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, is a full, clear, and accurate description of my invention, which will enable others skilled in the art to practice the same.

My invention consists of processes and machines for the production of cold, which are primarily intended for the manufacture of ice, though they may also be used for any refrigerating purposes, such as cooling rooms, liquids, meat-safes, 8m.

Machines for theproduction of cold by means of compressed air and volatile compounds operated under pressure are very old. It was also known long before my invention that certain chemical materials dissolved in the proper liquids would produce cold, or, in other words, would lower the temperature of the liquids in which they were dissolved by the absorption of latent heat during the passage of the cooling agent from the solid to the liquid state, even to the extent of cooling the liquid to the freezing-point of water, if the liquid at the beginning of the operation was sufficiently cool. Thus it is old to add to powdered ice or snow the cooling agent directly or to the liquid previously cooled by the ice or snow, and thus reduce thetemperature far below the freezingpoint of water by dissolving the cooling agent in the ice or snow or in the cooled liquid. This method of producing cold has before the date of my invention been but little utilized commercially, being used mostly in laboratories, and such apparatus as have existed have been impractical and totally useless for commercial purposes.

It is the purpose of my invention to furnish a method by which ice can be obtained, if desired, in a practically-continuous manner by a process in which the coldv produced by the solution of certain chemicals in water is made available with but little loss of the materials used, and with but an application of a small amount of power; and my invention iscapable of producing ice even when the temperature of the water at the start is comparatively high, or with such water, for example, as is exposed to the action of the sun in the hottest climates. i

My invention is not limited to the use of any one chemical in particular, as many chemical substances are capable of producing cold when dissolved in liquids. I can use any salt, or a mixture of salts, which by their solution in water or otherliquids will materially reduce the temperature of such solution. For example, sal-ammoniac, saltpeter, and water may be used, or saltpeter, sal-amnioniac, chloride of calcium,and water; also, nitrate of ammonia alone and water; also, sulphate of soda in sulphuric and muriatic acid, 850. Certain mixtures of salts,when dissolved in water for the purpose of producing cold, exert a chemical action one upon the other, or volatilize and pass off to a certain extent, when the liquid in which they were dissolved is evaporated to dryness. Thus acertain amount is either lost or changed, and repetitions of the operation will be accompanied not only by a material loss of the chemical substance used, but also in some cases by a loss of efficiency in the material. Somesalts, howeversuch as nitrate of ammoniaare capable of producing comparatively low temperatures, and when the water in which they are lissolved is evaporated, practically none of the salt is lost, and the chemical substance can thus be recovered, andcan be used over and over again without any other loss than that incidental to the handling of the materials. I use those salts which do not act detrimentally upon each other, and

which can be recovered by evaporation, such' as nitrate of ammonia.

T I shall describe my invention as carried out with nitrate of ammonia, while at the same time not limiting myself thereto.

The apparatus I use have all one feature,

which consists of conducting the freezing operation in such apparatus that from the beginning to the end of the process there is a gradual and continuous reducing of the temperature of the Water to be frozen without requiring any moving from vessel to vessel of the water to be frozen at the various stages of the process.

My invention consists in cooling a body of water by the addition of a salt thereto, bringing this body of cooled water into contact with the walls of another vessel containing pure water, and thereby reducing the temperature of the pure water almost to the temperature ICC an evaporator, pipes, a tank, &c.

of the water containing the salt; then dissolv- I is a vessel, which may be of wood, sheet-iron,

ing salt in the pure water previously cooled, as described, and thus reducing its temperature, by which operation ice can be formed in a Vessel immersed in the second body ofwater, and which Vessel and its contained water are subjected to the cooling due to the dis solving of the cooling agent in the first as well as the second vessel. If thus Icommence with water at, say, 90 Fahrenheit in the first ves sel, the addition of the salt thereto will reduce it to, say, 40 Fahrenheit. This will cool by conduction the second body of pure water approximately to the same temperature, and when the salt is dissolved therein the temperature of this previously-cooled water will be reduced to 10 or 15 Fahrenheit, approximately, which is a suificient degree of cold to produce ice in a vessel immersed in the water.

To aid in the description of my invention, I will say that by the terms pure water and impure water? I mean water which is uncontaminated by the salt, and water which has had the salt dissolved therein; and by the term drinking-water, or water fit to drink, I

shall mean water such as is fit to be turned into ice to be used in tumblers for the table, or to be cooled and intended for drinking.

Referring to the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 shows a vertical section of a simple form of apparatus with which my invention can be illustrated. Fig. 2 is a horizontal section on the line or x of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a section corresponding to Fig. 1, showing amodification thereof. Fig. 4 is-a horizontal section on the line y y of Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is a vertical section showing another modification. Fig. 6 is a horizontal section on the line'z 2, Fig.5. Fig. 7 shows an apparatus like Fig. 1 arranged to make ice, cool pure water, and also theair of the room, and an evaporator for recovering the salt. Fig. 8 shows another modification of my apparatus, in which the pure water is cooled by the cold impure water in one vessel and the freezing is conducted in another vessel, the same being shown in connection with Fig. 9 shows another modification of this apparatus. Fig. 10 shows an apparatus which is, when used, more continuous in its operation than any of the ones above described. Fig. 11 shows a modification of the apparatus shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 12 shows a diiferent form of apparatus, adapted more especially for large machines and for continuous work. Fig. 13 shows a modification of a portion of Fi 12. Fig. 14 shows a form of evaporating-vessel adapted for use in hot countries. Fig. 15 shows a mode of carrying out my invention more particularly for the purpose of cooling air alone, Fig. 16 is a transverse section of a portion of Fig. 15.

I will first describe the use of the apparatus shown in Figs. 1 and 2, although this apparatus is not as well adapted for continuous work as others which are here described. A

or other material not affected by the chemicals used. lVithin this vessel is another vessel. (Shown at B.) At 0 O C are shown stirrers, which are rotated by the gearing and the crank D, all supported in a frame. At E E are shown' thei'reezi'ng boxes or vessels intended to contain the water which is to be turned into ice. Salt, preferably nitrate of ammonia, is now thrown into the water in the vessel A, the best results being obtained when about as many pounds of nitrate of ammonia are added as there are pounds of water in the vessel A.- The stirrers are then rotated until the salt is dissolved in the water, when it will be found that the water in the vessel A has been reduced in temperature to about 40 or Fahrenheit. The stirring operation is kept up until the temperature of the water in B has been reduced to about the temperature of the water in A. hen this result has been reached, the cock f is opened, and the vessel A is emptied. As the impure liquid is running out of the vessel A, salt, preferably nitrate of ammonia,.is added to the pure water within the vessel B, the best results being obtained when pound forpound, by weight, are used. The stirring operation is still kept up, and af ter a certain length of time it will be found that the water in the vessels E E E has been frozen, which can be ascertained by opening them. If too many freezing-vessels are used for the amount of the freezing-mixture in the vessel B, they will not all be frozen, and the proper number should be used, and as this is a matter of practice no precise proportions need be given. \Vhen the ice is formed, the cock F is opened, and the impure water within the vessel B runs into the vessel A, from that vessel through the cock f out of the apparatus, when it may be mixed with the water previously discharged from the vessel A.

Figs. 3 and 4 show a modification of this structure, iii-which the vessel A contains the freezing-vessels E, and the inner vessel, B, only the stirrers O. In this case the first step of the operation previously described is con ducted within the vessel B, and the second step or freezing of the water in the cans or freezing-vessels E is conducted within the vessel A. Pipes having valves within them, as shown at F may take the place of the cocks shown in Fig. 1. a is an insulating-jacket which I find it advisable to use in some forms of apparatus.

Figs. 5 and 6 show another modification, in which three chambers are used, and the cooling of the water surrounding the iceboxes E is effected, first, by the cooling of the water in the central chamber, .A, by the dissolving of the chemical therein, and which water cools through the walls of the chamber the pure wa ter in the annular chamber B, and which pure water then has a chemical dissolved in it, and through the walls of its chamber cools the pure water in the vessel 0, which in turn has a chemical dissolved in it, and which extracts IIO ' the heat from the drinking-water in the freez- I and terminates in two nozzles controlled by water flowing from the various compartments 'be serviceable at all times, acting to stir liquid ing-vessels E. WVhen the liquid in each of the chambers successively has served its purpose, it is run off through the pipes shown at the bottom of the vessel, which pipes are provided with the necessary valves,and used as has been explained for apparatus Figs, 1 and 2. The outer portion of the vessel 0 may be jacketed, as shown at a. This apparatus (shown in Figs. 5 and 6) is especially useful in case such salts should be employed as reduce the temperature comparatively a small number of degrees by their solution in water, or in cases when the temperature of the pure water at the start would be very high, or if you want to reach a very low temperature in the last vessel. This same principle can be carried out, and any number of vessels may be used, and thus the cooling of the final vessel may be the result of the cooling of many bodies of water, which successively, as they are made to dissolve the cooling agent and become thereby cool,will operate to cool other bodies of water without mixing therewith and destroying the capacity of such bodies of water for absorbing the cooling material.

All of the previously-described apparatus, if used, would of course be so operated as to cool by conduction fresh bodies of pure water, the cooling being efiected by the cold impure of the vessels, and this pure cooled water would then be used in the vessels instead of the water at a natural temperature, and thus the operation would be quickencd and the apparatuses would have an increased efficiency. It is to be observed that with my apparatus no time is lost in taking apart and putting together again parts of the apparatus, making the operation practically continuous, the only removable parts being the freezing-vessels, and that for the purpose of removing the ice formed from the molds. In my apparatus the stirrers can be continuously at work, and will in one or the other or both of the compartments.

Turning now to Fig. 7, at A and B are shown vessels which may be like the vessels shown in Fig. 1 or 3. At B is shown a vessel containing water, through which ,passes a coil of pipe, b,which pipe has two inlet-openings from the vessels A and B, which correspond withthe outlet Ff of Figs. 1 and 3, though if the structure shown in Fig. 1 is used but one inlet is required. This coil of pipe bis continued through the chamber 0, which may be a refrigerator or a room, and terminates at lb over a large pan, G, heated by a furnace, 9, said furnace being shown in section in FigrlOr- At 0 is a pipe from the bottom of the vessel B, which runs upward valves, one of which nozzles empties into the vessel B, and the other into the vessel A, as shown. Some form of pump P must be used to force the water upward; or, if it is desired, instead of the pipe 0, a cock, 6, may be placed in the bottom of the vessel B, and water may be drawn therefrom in apail, and carried by hand and poured into either compartment A or B of the freezing apparatus which it is desired to fill. The operation of the device shown in Fig. 7 is as follows: A and B are one-half filled with pure water. Salt is thrown into A, thus cooling the water in the vessel A, and by conduction cooling the water in the vessel B, and when both have approximated to the same temperature the faucet or cockf is opened, and, as the vessel A is emptying, salt is thrown into the vessel B, and the water in the freezing-boxes E is being congealed and turned into ice. Meanwhile the cold impure water from Apasses through the coil of pipes 1) within the cooler B. Thus it serves to cool pure water, and the same cold impure water from the vessel A may pass through a pipe or a coil of pipes and be used to cool air in a room or a refrigerator, C the liquid finally finding its way at b to the evaporator G. \Vhen the ice is formed in the freezingvessels E, the liquid in B is let out through the cock F, and follows the course of the liquid let out from the vessel A until itin turn reaches the evaporator. As of course it is advantageous to start with as cold water as possible in the vessels A and B, the second batch of ice blocks are a result of the lowering of the temperature of the pure water previously cooled in the cooler B, into which cooler more water is poured to make up the amount delivered to the chambers or vessels A and B, which water in turn is subsequently cooled by the passage of the cold impure fluid through the coil 1). As above stated, I have shown a pump at P which may be used to elevate the water from the cooler B to the provided with a stirrer,O, and within which.

vessel'also are placed the freezing-vessels E E. From this vessel H a pipe, I), provided with valves, as shown, leads either to the evaporator, through the pipe b* and the pipe I) r or through the coil 11 within the vessel B, and thence to the nozzle 1) into the evaporator G. The operation of this apparatus is as follows:

.XVater is placed in the vessels A and B, and

the cooling chemical usedis placedin the vessel B. Thus by the cooling of this body of impure water the body of pure water within the vessel A is also cooled, when the valve F in pipe I) is opened and also the valve f in the pipe b. Thus theimpure contents of the vessel B pass to the coil b in the vessel B, (the valve f being closed,) and from there to the evaporator, and the cooled and pure contents of the vessel A pass into the vessel H, where more of the cooling agent is placed, and the water within the freezing-boxes E is congealed. \Vhen the freezing process wit-hin the vessel H is completed, the valve f 5 of v the pipe I) isopencd, and the cold impure liquid is either passed through the pipe I) and pipe 1) direct to the evaporator, where the salt can be recovered from the liquid, or else it is passed through the coil 2) through the vessel B to the nozzle 1), in this waycooling the contents of the vessel B, and if water is contained in this vessel after it has been cooled, it can be drawn out by the cock 0, and used for any purpose desired, preferably being placed within the vessels A and B, to be used as the commencement of another cooling process. If the water in B is very cold, it can be put directly into the vessel H, and the use of the vessels A and B may be temporarily suspended, while the vessel H alone is in use. It must always be borne in mind that in all of the machines that I have illustrated in my patent the water placed outside of the freezing-vessels must be pure water capable of dissolving the necessary amount of salt, and that before the salt is placed in it it must be sufficiently cool so that the dissolving of the cooling agent will sufficiently reduce its temperatureto enable ice to be formed.

Fig. 9 shows a modification of Fig. 8, with the difference that the vessels A and B are large, and are capable of supplying three ves sels (represented at H) with water cold enough to absorb the salt for the freezing operation.

. The necessary pipes lead from the vesselAto I I; i

the three vessels H, and from each of these vessels a pipe leads either to a tank of water to be cooled, to a refrigerator, or other device the temperature of which it is desirable to re-.

duce, and thence to the evaporator. The manufacture of ice can be kept up continuously with this modification of my apparatus, and to do so I proceed as follows: The pipe I)", which leads from the vessel B to the evaporator, and, if desired, through, around, or past something to be cooled on the way-such as water for a subsequent operation-may have its valve F left open, so that there will be a continual flowing of water from the vessel B to the evaporator. If fresh water, preferably cooled, as before said,by the passage of the cold liquid, is now continuously supplied to the vessel B, and the salt is at the same time continuously dropped into the vessel B, the mass of water within B, and likewise the water within A, can be kept continuously cooled, the vessel A being supplied with water through the pipe 0 as fast as the water is drawn from the said vessel A to fill that one of the vessels H which may be in need of pure cold water. The pipe 0 may also supply the vessel B. By a proper manipulation of the parts it is evident that the operation can be made practically continuous.

Fig. 10 shows another modification, in which two vessels-such as are shown, for example, in Fig. 3may be used. I11 this modification of my invention I proceed as before described with the vessel, Fig. 3. hen the body of cooled water is ready to be drawn from the inside chamber, B, of vessel No. 1, it is preferably run out through the pipe 6 into the i11- side chamber, B, of vessel No. 2, and serves to cool or partly cool the water in the chamber A of vessel No. 2, within which water are the freezingcans E. Then this cool impure water has done its work, it may be run out through the pipe and coil 1) within a tank, B, and flow from there to the evaporator. Afterward, when the apparatus No. 1 has frozen the water within the freezing-v'essels, the cold impure water surrounding the said vessels may in its turn flow into the vessel B of No. 2 through the pipe b"', and thus serve still further to cool the water in the vessel No. 2. hen the vessel No. 2, which maybe a duplicate of vessel No. 1, has .made its ice, the cold impure water surrounding the freezing-vessels and in the compartment A may be run out, as described, through the pipe and coil 6 which may be, if desired, used to cool air or water, and thence to the evaporator G, and the water in compartment B of No. 2 may be run through pipe and coil 12 to the evaporator. Meanwhile the apparatus No. 1 may again be started into operation, and preferably beginning with cold water taken from the tank B, and if the operations areproperly conducted a practicallycontinuous production of ice will be the re sult. The apparatus Nos. 1 and 2 are to be provided with stirrers, and in their internal arrangements may resemble the apparatuses shown at Figs. 1 and 3. The various pipes are to be provided with valves, as shown, and, if desired, pipes and a pump may be used to elevate the pure cold water from the vessel B to the apparatuses Nos. 1 and 2.

Fig. 11 is a modification of the foregoing machine having three apparatuses, apparatus 1 being sufficiently large to supply with cold impure water apparatus 2 and 3. The proper pipes and connections,with their valves, are to be used, and the cold water from the apparatus 2 and 3 may pass through tanks, rooms, or refrigerators on its way to the evaporator G. This apparatus does not need any special description, as any one acquainted with the apparatus previously explained more particularly with the modifications shown in Fig. 9 will be able to operate it.

It will be observed that the freezing of the blocks in all my apparatus is effected finally by the dissolving of salt or other cold-producing agent in water surrounding the freezing-boXes, and which water has by one or more operations been previously cooled, but left uncontaminated by any chemical which would prevent the water from dissolving the cooling agent, which is to be added to it to effect the manufacture of the ice. The previous apparatus, or, at least, some of them, I

have described as continuous, and I have used the expression more in the sense. that with these apparatus the work in the manufacture of ice will be continuous, while the product will be obtained at short intervals. The apparatus I am now about to describe, however, is intended for larger plants, and is as continuous an apparatus as can be made,-when at work, ice being always in the process of for mation, and while it embodies the principles of the previous apparatus, its construction and mode of operation differ in many important features.

Referring now to Fig. 12, 0 represents a pipe through which there is preferably a continuous supply of pure water coming from a pump, hydrant, tank, or other source of supply, and forced in the direction of the arrow through the pipe with sufficient pressure to cause the water to circulate in the apparatus. The water then entering through the pipe 0 passes into the chamber B. Near the upper part of this chamber a pipe, 0, leads out, and,

at c this pipe branches into the pipes c" and c, valves V being placed in both branches. Thus a portion of the water passes through the pipe 0 and a portion through the pipe 0. .The water that passes through c flows into thelarge vessel A.. Also a hopper or other properly shaped mouth opens into the top of the vessel A, as shown at a, through whiclr the cooling chemical to be used, preferably the nitrate of ammonia, passes, and this hopper is best arranged so that it is continuously shaken, to insure the continual dropping of the salt into the water within the vessel A. If desired, this part of the apparatus may be modified as shown at Fig. 13, where the hopper a is replaced by a large receptacle having a perforated plate, a, near its lower part. Emptying into this re ceptacle is the pipe 0, Figs. 12 and 18. Thus, if the water flows into the vessel A through the pipe 0*, the water meets the salt, has its temperature reduced, and falls into the vessel A, saturated or partly saturated with the cooling-salt. By either of the arrangements the vessel A is kept continually full or partly full of impure water, the temperature of which has been reduced by the salt dissolved in it. The

, pipe B leads out from the bottom of the vessel A, and is preferably in the form of a coil passing through the vessel B and terminating in the evaporator G. Thus the water which is allowed continuously to flow out of A serves to cool the pure water entering in the chamber 13. Of course the amount which is allowed to pass out of the chamber A through the pipe B is the same in amount as is admitted through the pipe 0'. Returning, now, to the water that passes through the pipes c and c, it will be seen that the water circulates in the coil A, which is within the vessel A, and this water is reduced in temperature approximately to that ofthe water surrounding the coil A. This pure cold water, which passes through this coil A, passes out, after it has been cooled, therefrom through the pipe a and thence into the vessel 0. This vessel is arranged to receive any desired number of freezing-vessels E, and it has within it stirrers F. At K is a hopper or mouth, through which thc'coolingsalt can be passed into the interior of the vessel C. This cold pure water flows from the coil A into the vessel 0, wherein the temperature is reduced to a point far below that necessary to form ice by the admixture of this pure cold water with the cooling material. From the lower point of the vessel 0 a pipe, N, leads either through the pipe M back into the coil 13, or through a coil, 0, back through apipe, O, to the evaporator, athree-way cock, X, serving to control the flow of water and direct it either to the pipe M or to the coil 0.

If the cold impure water passes through the coil 0, it may be used to cool water, air, a refrigerator, a room, D, or anything else which it is desired to cool. If the impure and very cold water passes through the pipe M and the coil B, it serves, in connection with the water coming directly from the vessel A, to greatly reduce the temperature of the water in the chamber B. The operation of the apparatus is as follows: A continuous supply of water passes in through the pipe 0. in temperature in the chamber B. It then is forced through the pipes c and a, that which passes through 0" being mixed, either in or before it enters the chamber A, with the coolingsalt, producing a low temperature in A, and in the same proportion as it enters being allowed to flow from the chamber A, through the coilB, to the evaporator G. Meanwhile the cpld water in the chamber A has served to reduce that portion of the water from the chamber B which passed through the pipe 0, and this water, after being cooled in the coil A, flows into the chamber 0, and, being pure water and already cooled, is in the condition to dissolve the cooling chemical which is introduced into the chamber 0 through the hopper K, and as the cold impure water absorbs heat from the water to be'frozen in the boxes IE, it is passed out through the pipe N, and its place is taken by fresh quantities of water entering the chamber 0 through the pipe a As I have before explained, the cold impure water may flow to the evaporator either through the pipe M and coil 13 or through the coil 0 and the pipe 0'. When the boxes E have been in for a sufficient time to freeze the water in them, they are removed one by one, the ice taken out, and after being refilled with coldwater, which may be, if desired, cooled by the coil 0 or in the chamber B, they are replaced in the chamber 0, to again undergo the freezing operation. A stirrer may be used advantageously in the vessel This water is reduced information which I have given any one will be able to comprehend my invention, and will be enabled therefrom to construct apparatus for the purpose of carrying it out, adopting such shapes and arrangements as the constructer may prefer.

Fig. 14 shows a pan, A, with a glass cover, B, raised upon legs I), which can be used in hot countries as an evaporator, the sun furnishing the heat to dry the water from the salt, and the glass cover 13 serving to keep out rain, and being arranged so that it can be re.- moved when it is desired to take the salt from the pan.

All of the various apparatuses shown by me are capable of change and modification.

It'is known that in the artificial manufacture of ice, if the freezing is conducted very slowly and with freezing-mixtures which are not much below the freezing-point of water, though the operation will consume much time, the result will be ice more free from air, clearer, and more transparent. To this end I propose, when the manufacture of ice is the only end in view, to utilize the excess of cold of the liquid in vessel C, Fi 12, which is one of my continuous apparatus, to conducta certain part of the freezing operation rapidly and with very cold water, which cold impure water, when it has got up to, say, above 20 Fahrenheit, can be run into separate tanks, like 0, containing freezing-boxes, and as it abstracts heat fresh bodies of cold impure water are to be added from G, and thus a simultaneous freezing operation can be conducted slowly in the second tank, and at a comparatively high temperature, thus giving clear and perfect blocks of ice. This water, when it has absorbed so much heat from the water to be frozen that it will not make ice, can be utilized, as before described, through coils B or 0, Fig. 12.

Fig. 15 shows an apparatus especially intended to cool cellars, rooms, or other places. The water enters, as in the apparatus shown in Fig. 12, through the pipe 0, passes into a receptacle, B, from which it passes through the pipe 0', thence into the vessel (preferably insulated) A, where it is mixed with salt, the

cooling material flowing in through the hop per a, and its temperature thereby greatly reduced. It is then pumped by the pump P through the coils D into the cellar or room 1). From this coil the water passes by the pipe (2 to the coil B within the vessel B, and the impure water goes from this coil to one or more small evaporators, G G. The cold impure water within the coil 13 cools by conduction the pure water within the vessel B, which pure water is subsequently within the vessel A, to have its temperature further reduced by dissolving therein the cooling agent, which passes into the vessel A through the hopper or mouth a. Many structures may be made embodying this invention, and be different in form and appearance, though in all of them my invention will be found.

also continuously supplied and continuously Fig. 16 shows a section of the coil D, and H indicates the walls or floors of a house.

It is to be observed that in all of my devices the cooling agent can be added gradually while stirring is taking place, and that. none I of my apparatus require to be scaled up tight at the top, a removable cover being all that is required, and such cover need not be secured with bolts, &c., its simple function being to keep the hot air from warming the liquid.

The partitions of my devices through which heat is required to pass are best made of metal, while those walls through which it is desired heat shall not pass are best made of some poorer conductor. Hoppers are to be provided, through which the salt can be passed and by the hoppers directed into the various vessels. Some of the compartments are best 85 fed by a hopper on the side, others by a hopper on the top so arranged as not to interfere with the stirring operations.

That I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. The process of reducing temperature or producing cold which consists in applying in a liquid a chemical that will produce cold while going into solution therein, using the cold solution thus formed to cool a fresh body of liquid, then dissolving a cooling-agent in and thus further reducing the temperature of the second body of liquid, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.

2. The process of reducing temperature or producing cold consisting of a series of-two or more successive steps, each of which consists of applying in a liquid a chemical that will reduce the temperature of the liquid, and then using this cooled'liquid to cool another liquid, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.

3. The process ofproducing cold which con sists in using four or more vessels properly connected, so that by the solution of a chemical in aliquid in the first vessel amass of pure liquid contained in the second vessel may be cooled, which liquid is subsequently further cooled by the use of a chemical therein, and then at the proper time using either or both of these masses of liquid in the third vessel for cooling pure water contained in the fourth vessel, which pure water subsequently hasits temperature reduced by the solution of a chemical therein, substantially as described.

4. The continuous process of reducing temperature for manufacturing ice or for refrigeration which consists of providing a continuous supply of liquid, cooling it continuously by conduction from a second mass of liquid,

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I2 5 cooled chemically, then further reducing the temperature of the first mass of liquid by introducing into it a chemical, and continuously discharging both masses of liquid, after they are cooled chemically, at the same rate at which they are supplied, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.

5. The continuous process of reducing tem perature for manufacturing ice or for refrigeration which consists of providingacontinuous supply of liquid, cooling it continuously by conduction from a second mass of liquid, also continuously supplied and continuously cooled chemically, then further reducing the temperature of the first mass of liquid by introducing intolit a chemical, and continuously discharging both masses of liquid, after they are cooled chemically, at the same rate at which they are supplied, then employing the discharged impure cold liquid to cool the supplied liquid, or for any other purpose, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

6. The process of producing cold which con sists in using four or more vessels properly connected, so that by the solution of a chemical in a liquid in the first vessel a mass of pure liquid contained in the second vessel may be cooled, which liquid is subsequently further cooled by the use of a chemical therein, and then at the proper times using either or both of these masses of liquid in the third vessel for cooling pure water contained in the fourth vessel, which pure water subsequently has its temperature reduced by the solution of a chemical therein, and then using at the proper time the cold impure liquids from the vessels 3 and 4 for cooling masses of water in other like or unlike vessels, or for any purpose for producing cold, substantially as described.

7. The process of producing cold which consists in dissolving in a liquid contained in a vessel a chemical which will produce cold while going into solution, and which cold solution serves to cool a fresh body of liquid contained in another vessel, the temperature of which is to be further reduced by dissolving therein a cooling agent, and then subsequently at the proper time using the cold impure liquids from either or both vessels for cooling other masses of water, or for any pur pose where it may be desired to produce cold, substantially as described.

8. The continuousprocess of producing cold which consists in continuously passing water into a containing vessel around a contained vessel,which may be formed of a coil of pipes, and intowhich water or other liquid in said containing -vessel a cooling agent is thrown in a proper proportion continuously, for the purpose of cooling the water or other liquid, allowing the impure water to escape as rapidly as pure water is added, and simultane' ously therewith passing pure water through the contained vessel, which may be a coil of .pipes, cooling the same by conduction therein, then passing said cooled pure water into another vessel,where its temperature is again reduced by the addition of a chemical thereto, which is continuously thrown therein, and allowing this very cold impure water to escape as rapidly as pure cooled water is added, substantially as described.

' 9. The process of producing cold which co nsists in continuously passing water into a com tainin g vessel around a contained vessel,wl1ich maybe formed of a coil of pipes, and into which water or other liquid in said containing vessel is thrown, in a proper proportion continuous- 1y, a cooling agent for the purpose of cooling the water or other liquid, allowing the impure water to escape as rapidly as pure water is added, and using the same for cooling fresh masses of water or other substance, and simultaneously therewith passing pure water through the contained vessel,which may be a coil of pipes, cooling the same by conduction therein, then passing said cooled pure water into another vessel, where its temperature is again reduced by the addition of a chemical thereto,which is continuously thrown therein, and allowing this very cold impure water to escape as rapidly as pure cold water is added, and using this very cold impure water to cool fresh bodies of water or other substances or things which it is desired to cool, substantially as described.

10. The process of producing ice which c011- sists in making one set of ice blocks rapidly with an extremely cold solution, and another set of ice blocks slowly with the comparatively warmer discharged solution, substan tially as described;

11. A double vessel, as described, each compartment of which is properly arranged to carry out the process of coolingliquids therein by the absorption of a cooling agent, so that the cold liquid in one compartment may cool by conduction the liquid in the other compartments before the said liquid itself has absorbed the said cooling agent, combined with stirrers in one 'or both of the vessels, and suit-able cocks, substantially as described.

12. A double vessel, as described, each compartment of which is properly arranged to carry out the process of cooling liquids therein by the absorption of a cooling agent, so that the cold liquid in one compartment may cool by conduction the liquid in the other compartments before the said liquid itself has absorbed the said cooling agent, combined with stirrers in one or both vessels and suitable cocks, and with boxes or vessels for containing liquid which is to be congealed by cold liquid surrounding the said boxes, substantially as described. Y

13. An apparatus for producing ice or cold liquids, which consists of two vessels, within one of which a liquid is cooled by absorbing the cooling agent, and which cold impure liq uid by conduction cools the liquid in the surrounding or contained vessel, in combination with a pipe, conduit, or conveyer for the pure cold liquid, and a third vessel, within which the said cooled pure liquid is placed where it is to absorb in solution the cooling agent, so as tobe still further cooled for the purpose of making ice or for any other desired object, substantially as described.

14. An apparatus for producing ice or cold liquids, which consists of two vessels, within one of which a liquid is cooled by absorbing the cooling agent, and which cold impure liquid by conduction cools the liquid in the sur- 

